Abstract	3
Seven Ways to Portray Complexity	4
INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEXITY
Abstract	5
ASchools of Thought About Complexity	6
Abstract	7
The Behavior-Outcomes Matrix	8
Summary Data from Applications on Complexity Measures	9
STRUCTURAL FIELDS
Symbolizing a Four-Level Inclusion Hierarchy (Quad)	10-12
Options Field for fulfillment of anticipated needs of children and their families	13-15
Attributes Field for Analytical Powertrain	16-21
Problems Field for Analytical Powertrain	22-27
STRUCTURAL PROFILES
Options Profile for Planning an Interactive Management Workshop	28
ELEMENT-RELATION DIAGRAM (based on Friedman Constraint Theory)
(Photocopy of Page 55 from Friedman Dissertation (UCLA, 1967)	29
PARTITION STRUCTURE
Lattice of Partitions of a three-element set	30
TOTAL INCLUSION STRUCTURE
Lattice of Subsets of a 3-element set	31
Lattice of Communication Alternatives	32
DELTA CHART
DELTA Chart of Options Profile Methodology	33
ARROW-BULLET DIAGRAMS
Problematique for Industrial Development in the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico	34
Superimposed Plausibility Structures for Strategic Planning Purposes in Mexico	35
Problematique for Joint Planning and Execution Process (JOPES)	36
Problematique for Policy-Oriented PhD Research (scores and shading) developed by PhD students at George Mason University	37
REFERENCES	38

Prose alone is inadequate to portray complexity. Mathematics is often unavailable because mathematical language is restricted to a small percent of the population. For this reason, language components comprised of integrated prose-graphics representations enjoy unique potential for representing complexity.

Because of the desirability of taking advantage of computers to facilitate the development and production of such integrated representations, it is best if the prose-graphics representations are readily representable in computer algorithms, even if their utility for general communication is limited. Mappings from mathematical formats to graphical formats can often be readily done, although manual modification of graphics for readibility may be necessary.

The following specific graphical representations have proved useful in representing complexity:

• Arrow-Bullet Diagrams (which are mappable from square binary matrices, and which correspond to digraphs)
• Element-Relation Diagrams (which are mappable from incidence matrices, and which correspond to bipartite relations)
• Fields (which are mappable from multiple, square binary matrices, and which correspond to multiple digraphs)
• Profiles (which correspond to multiple binary vectors, and also correspond to Boolean spaces)
• Total Inclusion Structures (which correspond to distributive lattices and to power sets of a given base set)
• Partition Structures (which correspond to the non-distributive lattices of all partitions of a base set)
• DELTA Charts (which are restricted to use with temporal relationships, and which sacrifice direct mathematical connections to versatility in applications)

May, 1996